{"title":"Reconstructed Inventions","description":"\u003cp\u003eExplore ancient Greek ingenuity through museum replicas, working mechanisms and games.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"the-enneas","title":"The \"Enneas\"","description":"\u003cp\u003eIt is a variant of trias that made its appearance during the Hellenistic era and continued to be played up to recently (as enniapetro- consisted of nine stones).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was played by two players on a shaded surface that was constituted of three concentric squares linked with the midpoints of their sides. They were thus created in the points of the section of the lines 24 positions for the pieces. The players were holding by nine pawns (of different colour or type e.g. black and white pebbles, broad beans and beans, walnuts and acorns, etc.) and they were trying to place them alternately by shaping a trinity (trias) in a straight line or they were trying to prevent the opponent from achieving this. When they shaped a trias (trinity) then they were removing a piece from the opponent and when any of the players remained with only two pieces then he had lost the game.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"kotsanasmuseumshop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53638472663331,"sku":"","price":25.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0918\/6063\/1843\/files\/NZF_2336.jpg?v=1784214180"},{"product_id":"the-trias","title":"The “Trias”","description":"\u003cp class=\"rteright\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe first tic- tac- toe game of history\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a simple strategy game that had been spread throughout the ancient world and has still followers up today (is similar to the tic- tac- toe). It was played by two players on a shaded surface that had the shape of a circle with eight equidistant rays or of a square with its segment axis and sometimes its diagonals. Thus it was created at the section points of the lines nine positions for the pawns. The players were holding each by three pawns (of different colour or type such as black and white pebbles, peas and beans, nuts and acorns, etc.) and they were trying to put them alternately in order to form a straight line or prevent the opponent from accomplishing this .Then they were moving the pawns alternately until any of them achieves the formation of a straight line.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplore the game online:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/interactive.kotsanas.com\/trias\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eTry the interactive Trias experience\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"kotsanasmuseumshop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53638481871139,"sku":"","price":20.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0918\/6063\/1843\/files\/NZF_2349.jpg?v=1784213909"},{"product_id":"the-greek-abacus-5th-c-b-c","title":"The Greek Abacus (5th c. B.C.)","description":"\u003cp\u003eAbacus was a wooden tablet with small pebbles used to calculate complex mathematical operations. Such an abacus, based on the acrophonic (Herodian) numeral system (e.g. Δ to represent Δέκα (ten), Η to represent Ηεκατό (a hundrend), etc.), made of marble and dated from the 4th century B.C., was discovered in 1846 on the island of Salamis and is kept at the Epigraphical Museum of Athens.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne or two sets of parallel lines equally divided by a vertical line are engraved on the board. The parallel lines are used to group the numbers by powers of ten. The space between the lines is used to represent half the value of the line above it. The vertical line is used to divide numbers into positive (right side) and negative (left side). Each number is represented with maximum economy as a combined sum of positive and negative pebbles on the board. Arithmetic operations were carried out by the combined movement of the pebbles.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"kotsanasmuseumshop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53638483902755,"sku":"","price":15.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0918\/6063\/1843\/files\/DSC8786.jpg?v=1747071158"},{"product_id":"the-tetrantas-quadrant-of-hipparhos-2nd-c-b-c","title":"The tetrantas (Quadrant) of Hipparhos (2nd c. B.C.)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(the first latitude locator of daily use)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was a measuring instrument which was used in astronomy and navigation for the calculation of astronomical sizes and in topography and in construction for the measurement of terrestrial distances (e.g. the height of a building). It consisted of graduated in degrees quadrant which had an aiming device at one edge and from its centre hung a plumb bob. The latitude of each place could be found directly by aiming the Pole Star (it was equivalent to the complement angle of the angle that was shaped by the aiming line with the thread) and indirectly by the measurement of the zenith of some other celestial body (e.g. the Sun). Later on straight lined scales were engraved on the surface of the instrument for the conversion of the terrestrial angles in the proportions of lengths but also monthly arcs with curved hour lines for one or more latitudes. A moving button was also added which slid at length of the thread and was regulated depending on the month which was indicated by the zodiac at the other edge of the instrument. The instrument could be used as a position locator at any given hour of the day, while with any given latitude as a sundial. The level astrolabes constitute its evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"kotsanasmuseumshop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53638487441699,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0918\/6063\/1843\/files\/DSC8792.jpg?v=1747071683"},{"product_id":"archimedes-ostomachion","title":"Archimedes' (O)stomachion","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe first puzzle in history\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was a spiritual game, predecessor of the puzzle. It probably resulted from a mathematical problem of Archimedes, or vice versa. The game consists of a square base divided into 14 geometric pieces. The aim of the game was to reshape, in as many ways possible, using all the pieces, the square or (like tangram) some particular figures (e.g. a helmet, a goose in flight, a tower, a column, an elephant, a boar, a barking dog, a stalking hunter). In the problem, Archimedes demonstrates that each of the pieces has an area that is a rational fraction of the total area of the initial square and searches for the number of possible combinations for recreation. In 2003, through a dedicated computer program (Bill Сutler), it was proved that there are 536 unique combinations or 17.152 if all symmetrical (by rotation, mirroring or identical triangles' swaping) are included.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplore the puzzle online:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/interactive.kotsanas.com\/ostomachion\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eTry the interactive Ostomachion experience\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"kotsanasmuseumshop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53638490620195,"sku":"","price":30.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0918\/6063\/1843\/files\/NZF_2273.jpg?v=1784214710"},{"product_id":"the-heart-of-the-antikythera-mechanism","title":"The heart of the Antikythera Mechanism","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIt is the surviving intelligent epicyclic gearwork that delivers the apparent speed of the moon.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRotate and observe the apparent \"golden\" moon pulling ahead and sometimes delaying the actual \"oxidiced\" moon moving at a constant speed.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"kotsanasmuseumshop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53735778648355,"sku":"","price":20.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0918\/6063\/1843\/files\/image00070.jpg?v=1747914929"},{"product_id":"necklace-the-cryptographic-disc-of-aeneas-copy","title":"The cryptographic disc of Aeneas","description":"\u003cp\u003eIt was a disc with 24 holes (one for each letter of the alphabet) on the periphery, one in the centre and one more defining the letter “A”. The sender formed the message by passing a thin thread through the holes of the relevant letters and the receiver read it by removing the thread and noting the letters from right to left.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe package includes two discs (with the alphabet and without the alphabet).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"kotsanasmuseumshop","offers":[{"title":"greek","offer_id":54133524529443,"sku":null,"price":15.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"english","offer_id":54133524562211,"sku":null,"price":15.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0918\/6063\/1843\/files\/NZF_2236.jpg?v=1784215160"}],"url":"https:\/\/kotsanasmuseumshop.com\/collections\/reconstructed-inventions.oembed","provider":"kotsanasmuseumshop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}